The Hindu History of the World
Posted by admin in History Hindu on May 24, 2011
All Indian religions have a passion for describing in bold imaginative outline the history and geography of the universe. Their ideas are juster than those of Europeans and Semites in so far as they imply a sense of the distribution of life throughout immensities of time and space. The Hindu perceived more clearly than the Jew and Greek that his own age and country were merely parts of a much longer series and of a far larger structure or growth.
He wished to keep this whole continually before the mind, but in attempting to describe it he fell into that besetting intellectual sin of India, the systematizing of the imaginary. Ages, continents and worlds are described in detailed statements which bear no relation to facts. Thus, Brahmanic cosmogony usually deals with a period of time called Kalpa. This is a day in the life of Brahmâ, who lives one hundred years of such days, and it marks the duration of a world which comes into being at its commencement and is annihilated at its end. It consists of 4320 times a million years and is divided into fourteen smaller periods called manvantaras each presided over by a superhuman being called Manu.
A manvantara contains about seventy-one mahâyugas and each mahâyuga is what men call the four ages of the world. Geography and astronomy show similar precision. The Earth is the lowest of seven spheres or worlds, and beneath it are a series of hells. The three upper spheres last for a hundred Kalpas but are still material, though less gross than those below. The whole system of worlds is encompassed above and below by the shell of the egg of Brahmâ. Round this again are envelopes of water, fire, air, ether, mind and finally the infinite Pradhâna or cause of all existing things. The earth consists of seven land-masses, divided and surrounded by seven seas. In the centre of the central land-mass rises Mount Meru, nearly a million miles high and bearing on its peaks the cities of Brahmâ and other gods. Read the rest of this entry »
Nissan Engine Range for Nissan Skyline – RB20-RB24-RB25-RB26-RB30
Nissan Engine Range for Nissan Skyline – RB20-RB24-RB25-RB26-RB30
The Nissan Skyline started the lifespan of the RB Engine line. The Technical Specifications for the Line are as follows:
* RB20-2 LITRE 1998CC, 78MM BORE, 69.7MM STROKE
* RB24-2.4 LITRE 2428CC, 86MM BORE, 69.7MM STROKE
* RB25-2.5 LITRE 2498CC, 86MM BORE, 71.7MM STROKE
* RB26-2.6 LITRE 2568CC, 86MM BORE, 73.7MM STROKE
* RB30-3.0 LITRE 2962CC, 86MM BORE, 85MM STROKE
Common letter designations across the range were:
* D-indicates double overhead cam (DOHC)
* E-indicates engine is fuel injected
* S-indicates engine is carburetted
* T-indicates engine came equipped with factory installed turbo charger
* TT-indicated engine came equipped with twin turbo chargers
The first of the RB20 engines came in the R31 Skyline in 1986. The first incarnations of these engines had two main variants. The earliest version was dual overhead cam using a NICS (Nissan Induction Control System), this was an injection system with twelve small intake runners, it included a butterfly system that divided the air intake ports for better low end performance. This system was later replaced with a system called ECCS (Electronically Concentrated Control System), this system replaced the twelve small runners in exchange for six larger ones although they still retained twelve ports on the cylinder head, these they divided with air splitter plates.
The different variations of the RB20 through the years were denoted by the addition of a letter code system.
* RB20E-denoted a single cam variant
* RB20ET- single cam turbocharged
* RB20DE-dual over head cam
* RB20DET-dual overhead cam turbocharged
* RB20P-another single cam variant
* RB20DET-R-dual overhead cam turbocharged
* RB20DE-NEO-dual overhead cam with improved low end torque designed to reduce fuel consumptions and lower emissions.
The RB24 was a very rare engine. It was mechanically made from different engine parts in the RB line. The block was from a RB25DE/DET, the cylinder head was from a RB30 and the crankshaft was from a RB20DE/DET with 34mm pistons. This engine was not injected but came with carburettors. This configuration allowed the engine to have essentially the same displacement as the RB25DE/DET but rev higher.
The RB25 engine was mass produced in four main forms:
* RB25DE-non turbo twin cam
* RB25DET-twin cam turbocharged
* RB25DE-NEO-non turbo twin cam
* RB25DET-NEO-twin cam turbocharged Read the rest of this entry »